Instructional Design

Instructional Design is the systematic process which instructional materials are designed, developed, and delivered. “Instructional Design models are frameworks for developing modules that increase and enhance the possibility of learning and encourage the engagement of learners so that they learn faster and gain deeper levels of understanding” (Clark, 2004).

One of the Instructional Systems Design (ISD) model is ADDIE. This model was initially developed by Florida State University. The ADDIE instructional design model is the generic process traditionally used by instructional designers and training developers. The ADDIE model is at the very core of instructional design and is the basis of instructional systems design (ISD). Actually, most of the current instructional design models are variations of the ADDIE process. (Ryder, n.d.).



There are various adaptations of the ADDIE model but it generally consists of five cyclical phases: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. These processes represent a dynamic, flexible guideline for building effective training and performance support tools.

Analysis: 
A = The first phase of content development begins with Analysis. the instructional problem is clarified, the instructional goals and objectives are established, and the learning environment and learner's existing knowledge and skills are identified.

Design:
D = The Design phase deals with learning objectives, assessment instruments, exercises, content, subject matter analysis, lesson planning, and media selection. The design phase should be systematic and specific. Systematic means a logical, orderly method of identifying, developing and evaluating a set of planned strategies targeted for attaining the project's goals. Specific means each element of the instructional design plan needs to be executed with attention to details.

Development :
D = The Development phase is where instructional designers and developers create and assemble the content assets that were blueprinted in the design phase. The project is reviewed according to the feedback received.

Implementation :
I = During the Implementation phase, a procedure for training the facilitators and the learners is developed. The training facilitators should cover the course curriculum, learning outcomes, method of delivery, and testing procedures. Preparation of the learners includes training them on new tools (software or hardware) and student registration. Implementation is also evaluation of the design. This is also the phase where the project manager ensures that the books, hands-on equipment, tools, CD-ROMs and software are in place, and that the learning application or website is functional.

Evaluation :
EThe Evaluation phase consists of two parts: formative and summative. Formative evaluation is present in each stage of the ADDIE process. Summative evaluation consists of tests designed for domain specific criterion-related referenced items and providing opportunities for feedback from the users which were identified.




References

Clark, D. R. (2004). Instructional system design concept map. Apr 17, 2013 Retrieved from http://nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/ahold/isd.html

Ryder, M., (n.d.) "Instructional design models & theories | instructional design central." Instructional Design Central | Instructional Designer Resources and Community Collaboration. N.p., Web. 17 Apr 2013 Retrieved  from http://www.instructionaldesigncentral.com/htm/IDC_instructionaldesignmodels.htm 
 

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